November 20, 1970

[1] OG November 21, 1970: P resident Marcos issued a series of directives to speed up the rehabilitation of the typhoon victims, particularly in the Greater Manila area. In a nationwide radio-television message broadcast from the President’s study in Malacañang in the evening, the President: 1. Ordered a week-long suspension of classes, from Monday to Saturday, in both private and public schools, adding that the situation will be reassessed thereafter. 2. Directed the implementation of a six-hour working day in all government offices, from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. daily without lunch break, and a three-day weekend from Friday to Sunday, in the Greater Manila area. 3. Ordered the Government Service Insurance System and the Social Security System to give priority to the typhoon victims in the matter of loans and financing in order to repair their homes. 4. Asked all banks to be opened in order to allow government paymasters to draw money with which to pay the salaries of workers who had not received their pay for the week. 5. Suggested that industries and business scheduled to grant Christmas bonuses to their workers and employees should do so sooner. The President said he would meet with leaders of Congress Sunday or Monday to study the augmentation of the calamity fund without congressional action, or if necessary, to call a special session. He said this was necessary in view of the fact that the calamity fund authorized by the General Appropriations Act had been badly depleted by the successive calamities which hit the country. The President also ordered steps taken immediately to relieve the acute water shortage caused by the power cut-off in the greater Manila area due to the damage to power lines wrought by typhoon “ Yoling .”To arrest the shortage, the President directed the National Power Corporation, the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the MERALC O officials that generators be installed at NAWASA pumping stations immediately, or that power lines be thrown from the source of electric current to the pumping stations so that they can resume operations. Earlier in the day, the President bade farewell to Gen. and Madame Ne Win, who ended their four-day state visit to the Philippines at noon, when they departed for Rangoon. The President and the First Lady, Mrs. Imelda R. Marcos, had breakfast with their distinguished house guests, the last get-together with the Ne Wins. Later the President and the General had a formal, conversation on common problems facing the two countries and. on matters important to the development of closer cooperation, and understanding among countries of the Asian region. T he President thanked General Ne Win and the people of Burma for their “kind message of sympathy over the tragic disaster” caused by typhoon “ Yoling ,” and for their generous assistance. The government of Burma has sent a planeload of candles and medicine to Manila upon learning that the power lines had been knocked out and that there was a shortage of candles. The goods came on the plane which was sent by the Union of Burma Airways to fetch General Ne Win and his party from Manila. The President also conveyed the Filipino ^people’s “deep appreciation for the great honor bestowed upon the country” by General Ne Win’s visit, and his regret that the typhoon had interferred with the plans for making the visit memorable. At about high noon, the President and the First Lady escorted their guests to the MIA, where full honors were given them, and shortly afterward, the Burmese First Couple took off, with members of local officialdom, the diplomatic corps and other personages seeing them off. On returning to Malacañang, the President concentrated on urgent matters, primarily the measures aimed at normalizing the situation in the Greater Manila area after the destructive visit of Typhoon Yoling . In the afternoon the President resumed his inspection of the typhoon damage in the Greater Manila area. Leaving Malacañang at 4 p.m., the President motored slowly through San Juan, Rizal, Sta. Mesa and Cubao in Quezon City, Marikina and San Mateo, Rizal. From San Mateo, the President motored back to Manila, arriving in Malacañang at 6:15 in the evening. About an hour, later, the president went on radio and television to report among others, on the magnitude of the destruction caused by the typhoon, and to assure the people that the government would stand by them to the limits of its power and resources. He also appealed to all sectors of society to help in extending aid to typhoon victims, even as he served notice to opportunists, profiteers and hoarders, the looters and manipulators, that they would he hounded and prosecuted vigorously by the government, During the day the Chief Executive also received the following message from Pope Paul VI: “WITH PROFOUND SORROW WE HAVE LEARNED OF THE DESTRUCTION CAUSED BY A VIOLENT TYPHOON TO THE BELOVED COUNTRY WE ARE SOON TO VISIT STOP WE ASSURE YOUR EXCELLENCY AND THROUGH YOU THE FILIPINO PEOPLE OF OUR DEEPEST SYMPATHY IN THIS TIME OF TRIAL AND OUR FERVENT PRAYERS FOR THE VICTIMS OF THE DISASTER AND THEIR GRIEVING FAMILIES”.

[2] Official Gazette for November 22, 1970: P resident Marcos ordered the inclusion of the provinces of Bulacan and Zambales under the proclamation of a state of calamity he issued earlier, as a result of typhoon “ Yoling .” In the proclamation, only the provinces of Rizal and Bataan, and the four cities of Manila. Pasay, Caloocan and Quezon wore covered. In amending the proclamation, the President reiterated its implications—that it is a criminal act, in the areas covered, to conceal, hoard, overprice or profiteer in the process of the sale of foodstuff and other prime necessities of life. The President, accompanied by Rep. Teodulo Natividad, Secretary of Labor Bias F. Ople , and Gov. Ignacio Santiago of Bulacan, conducted an aerial survey over the province to see for himself the extent of damage to public and private buildings, and crops, which had earlier been reported to them by the province’s municipal mayors The President left Malacañang Park by helicopter at 11 a.m. and arrived at Malolos for the briefing at 11:15 a.m. In view of the widespread destruction caused by the typhoon, the Chief Executive said that he looks forward to the implementation of the Marcos-Johnson communique of 1966 for the U.S. aid to “our efforts at typhoon, dissipation and damage control.” The communique issued jointly by the President and President Johnson during the former’s state visit to the U.S. in 1966, provides that: “The considerable economic loss suffered annually in the Far East from typhoons was discussed by the two Presidents, who agreed that the regional initiatives undertaken by the ECAFE and WHO to improve technical capabilities for typhoon damage control deserved full support. President Johnson offered the services of the United States meteorological team to develop a joint program of typhoon damage control in the Philippine area in concert with, regional planning’, and President Marcos agreed to the desirability of such a program.” The President cited the specific provisions of the communique when informed by acting Secretary of Foreign Affairs Manuel Collantes that the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) had offered to send a mission to the Philippines to investigate the damage caused by successive typhoons.

[3] Official Gazette for November 23, 1970: P resident Marcos met with top Congress leaders and Cabinet officials to discuss additional measures to speed tro rehabilitation of typhoon victims. Present at the meeting were Senate President Gil J. Puyat, Speaker Jose B. Laurel, Jr., Sen. Gerardo M. Roxas who is the Liberal Party president, Sen. Dominador Aytona , Speaker Protempora Jose Aldeguer , House Majority Floorleader Mareelino Veloso and Borne Minority Floorleader Justiniano S. Montano. The Cabinet officials present were Executive Secretary Alejandro Melchor, Jr., Secretary of National Defense Juan Ponce Enrile, Secretary of Finance Cesar &. A. Virata , Budget Commissioner Faustino Sy-Chang-co, Assistant Executive Secretary Roberto V. Reyes, Commerce Undersecretary Troadio Quiazon , Jr., and Agriculture Undersecretary Arturo R. Tanco , Jr. It was agreed at the meeting: 1. That the President need not call for a special session of Congress as there exists ample authorization in the current Appropriations Act to spend funds for the required rehabilitation. 2. That, instead, the President should avail of existing executive authority to raise or generate additional cash for the funding of massive rehabilitation work. Following the meeting, the President issued additional instructions to government agencies concerned. In order to speed up the government’s relief and rehabilitation effort. The new instructions were: 1. The Fiscal Policy Committee to meet in three days, to re-examine the priorities in the overall government funding program, and to reduce expenditures of law-priority projects or activities in the light of the new crisis as a result of the recent typhoon, 2. The Secretary of Finance to release immediately to local governments concerned their respective shares from excess income tax collections. This is aimed at enabling the local governments to undertake rehabilitation work on their own, and consequently reduce dependence on the national government. 3. The Chairman of the Separations Commission to include in the new schedule of reparations procurement additional items for prefabricated school buildings. 4. The Budget Commission to release P400,000 to the Department of Social Welfare as relief aid, in addition to the P100,000 previously released by the President. The President announced meanwhile, that the PI million contributed by the Central Bank, Philippine National Bank, Government Service Insurance System, Development Bank of the Philippines, and the Social Security System to the relief and rehabilitation fund will be used for the early resettlement, as differentiated from relief, of the victims rendered homeless by typhoon “ Yoling .” 5. That in connection with the earlier instructions to the GSIS, SSS, DBP, and PNB to liberalize procedures for the granting of emergency loans, the said agencies should publish such liberalized procedures in the newspapers immediately, for the guidance of loan applicants. 6. That the GSIS General Manager immediately effect the release and payment of dividends to all its members. 7. That an Agricultural Recovery Program for all damaged areas, including the latest devastations by typhoon “ Yoling ” be immediateiy implemented. 8. The Secretary of Public Works and Communications to submit an overall estimate of damaged public works projects, and to formulate an integrated program for the early repair or reconstruction of such projects to include the estimated cost and possible sources of funding. During the meeting, the President signed the proclamation amending Proclamation No. 775, which declared a state of calamity in the Greater Manila Area and the provinces of Rizal and Eataan . ( Full text of the proclamation in OG ). The amending proclamation includes the provinces of Bulacan, Pampanga and Zambales in the coverage of the state of calamity. It also designates the Price Control Council to implement the provisions of said proclamation, pertaining to legal sanctions against hoarding, overpricing, profiteering or concealing of such goods. It also empowers the Price Control Council in this regard to seize all hoarded stocks of prime commodities, and to arrest all violators.

[4] Official Gazette for November 24, 1970: P resident Marcos took up the measures for recovering the crop losses suffered from the recent typhoons with the National Food and Agricultural Council. In a long- meeting in the morning at Malacañang, the various measures eyed to accelerate replanting of destroyed rice fields were discussed, as well as other matters pertaining to the stabilization of food supply, particularly for typhoon victims. The President did not receive many visitors, preferring to work through the day at his desk. However, he met a delegation from Davao del Sur, which consulted him on local problems. He referred the various problems presented to the government agencies concerned. The delegation headed by Rep. Artemio Loyola and Gov. Ramon de los Cientos , was composed of provincial officials and several municipal mayors. In the earlier meeting, those present were Undersecretary of Agriculture Arturo Tanco , Jr., Assistant Executive Secretary Roberto V. Reyes, Director Pedro Refuerzo of Animal Industry, Commissioner Francisco Saguiguit of the Agricultural Productivity Commission, Director Eliseo Carandang of Plant Industry, Peter Witt of the United Nations Development Program, Frank Sheperd of the United States Aid for International Development, Hector Moreno of the Rice and Corn Administration, Felix Gonzales of the Bureau of Fisheries, Gualberto Planas of the Rice and Corn Productivity Coordinating Council, Silverio Sarmiento of the Budget Commission, E. Alejandrino of the World Food Program, and representatives of the Central Bank and the Development Bank of the Philippines. Earlier, the President signed the commission of three foreign affairs officers as consuls general of the Philippines in Indonesia and Belgium. Those commissioned were: 1. Eugenic Concepcion, as consul general in Djakarta, Indonesia, 2. Prudencio E. del Castillo, as consul general in Menado , Indonesia, and 3. Antero Liwanag , as consul general in Belgium. In an address to the nation in the evening over a nationwide radio-television hookup, the President warned that hoarders and price manipulators will be prosecuted to the limit of the law. The Chief Executive said that there are indications of attempts on the part of price manipulators and hoarders to take over control of prices. He said that “all persons engaged in these nefarious and criminal activities come under the special powers on price control extended by Congress to the executive and are immediately punishable.” The President added that he had directed the organization of constabulary and armed forces teams reads to jump oft’ and take over any hoarded rice sto cks in any part of the country.

[5] Official Gazette for November 25, 1970: P resident Marcos ordered the reversion to the general fund of all inactive special and trust funds GI the government to be used for the rehabilitation of typhoon stricken areas. At the same time, the President ordered that a system of priorities be set up giving emphasis to the replanting of lost crops and the repair of public works facilities. He issued the directives during his meeting with the Fiscal and Financial Policy Committee which briefed him on the meetings of the Presidential Budget’ Development Committee in the morning and the Fiscal Policy Committee earlier in the afternoon. At the end of the conference, the President accepted the donation of P200,000 each from the five government financing institutions—the Central Bank, the Philippine National Bank, the Development Bank of the Philippines, the Government Service Insurance System and the Social Security System—to the typhoon relief and rehabilitation fund. The President then worked on state papers, in the course of which he directed: 1. The Irrigation Service Unit to immediately release some 400 pump units to the National Food and Agricultural Council, which are needed by projects under the Agricultural Recovery Program. 2. The government institutions to consider declaring a moratorium on loans to rice millers, in the same way that this was being considered in favor of the farmers. 3. The Bureau of Telecommunications to charge not more than ten centavos (P0.10) for transmitting complains and grievances from any citizen to the Presidential Action Committee on Land Problems (PACLAP). In his order, the President said that easy and inexpensive access to the committee should be afforded those who may have problems and grievances so that the PACLAP can accomplish its duties speedily. The President created the PACLAP to provide greater protection and assistance to small settlers, small landholders, and members of the cultural minorities. The President also laid down the general policy for the resumption of classes in both public and private schools in the Greater Manila Area in the provinces of Quezon, Rizal, Laguna, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Bataan and Zambales, which were severely affected by typhoon “ Yoling .” In the afternoon, President and Mrs. Marcos gave a reception in honor of the delegates to the Asian Bishops Meeting, at Malacañang.

[6] Official Gazette for November 26, 1970: T he President met with leaders of the Senate and the House of Representatives. In his meeting with the congressional leaders, at which a sprinkling of Cabinet officials were present, the President discussed the resources available to the government in the relief and rehabilitation of victims of recent calamities, and including the rehabilitation of whole areas and public services. He disclosed that some 2000 prefab schools have been ordered through reparations, but that meanwhile the country must make do with salvaged schoolbuildings until early next year when the prefab units will arrive. Among the leaders of Congress present at the meeting were Senate president Gil j. Puyat, Speaker Pretempore Jose Aldeguer , Senator Gerardo M. Roxas , who is the president, House Majority Floorleader Marcelino Velosa , House Minority Floordleader Justiniano S. Montano, Senator Dominador Aytona and Reps, Jose Alberto and Roverto Sabido. Among the Cabinet officials who attended were Secretary of Public Works and Communications Manuel b. Syquio , secretary of Finance Cesar e. a. Virata , secretary of National Defense Juan Ponce Enrile, jr. , Executive Secretary Alejandro Melchor, jr. , Budget Commissioner Faustino Sy- Changco , Assistant Executive Secretary Roberto V. Reyes, Agriculture Undersecretary Arturo Tanco , Jr., and director-general Apolinario Orosa of the Presidential Economic Staff. Later in the morning, the President directed all departments and agencies of the government to furnish the joint congressional committee created under the peace and order fund act all data on peace and order as may be desired by the said committee. The president gave this order with the understanding that such data would serve the official need of both the Senate and the House committee on ways and means in their committee hearings. He emphasized that it might be useful for the said committees to “look into the operation and effects of accounts” as well as the “administration of taxes imposed” as provided in the Peace and Order Act. On the eve of the arrival of His Holiness, Pope Paul VI, the President issued the following message: In the name of the Filipino people, I welcome His Holiness Pope Paul VI to the Philippines. We consider his visit with us as a great honor and are truly glad that he has singled out the Philippines for special attention during his trip to this part of the world. For not only are we the lone Catholic country in the Far East, we are also the only predominantly Christian nation in this area. We are proud of this distinction, while appreciative at the same time of the importance and value of other faiths, if only because Christianity is one of our links with Western Civilization. The cultural and religious heritage of the West has enriched the spiritual and moral values handed down from our pre-Christian ancestors. Among these values are tolerance and the sense of human brotherhood. We Filipinos have guarded our political freedoms as jealously as any other people, and in matters of faith, we have always shown tolerance toward one another, as attested by the existence in our midst not only of Christian churches of various faiths but of a large Muslim population, not to speak of scattered tribes who are sustained by the animistic beliefs of their ancestors. The acceptance of diversity in matters religious reflects our tolerant attitude in the political realm as well. Our democracy is all the more stable because it is founded on faith in the goodness of man and in the conviction that all men are brothers. The ecumenical spirit of His Holiness’ visit is therefore something that is quite readily appreciated by us. He is coming not only as the Supreme Pontiff of the Roman Catholic Church but also as a world spiritual leader whose humanity and compassion brings a message of hope to men and women everywhere. As Catholics, as Christians, or as simple believers in one Supreme Being, we are heartened by the presence of the Holy Father and deeply grateful for the attention he has best owed on our country and people.

[7] Official Gazette for November 27, 1970: P resident Marcos and the First Lady, Mrs. Imelda R. Marcos, led the nation in extending a warm welcome to His Holiness, Pope Paul VI. In his welcome remarks, the President said that His Holiness came “at a time of trial, of deep sorrow and. deprivation as a result of a natural calamity which reminds us that all of us are in the hands of God,” and “at a   time of national ordeal as we seek to change and alter the very basis of our fundamental law of our society.” The President pointed out that faith and freedom, faith in Christ and freedom in democracy—the two most priceless gifts of Western civilization,” are now under trial.” For these reasons, he said, “because we cherish this faith and the freedom of true democracy, we greet you as a dedicated successor of your namesake, Paul, who said that he had an equal duty to everyone, Greek or Babarian , learned or simple, for ‘there are no human preferences with God.   (F ull text of the President’s speech in OG ) In reply, His Holiness, the Pope said that “we come here in obedience to our spiritual mission: to take part in the deliberations of the conference of the bishops of the whole of Eastern Asia.” Continuing, the Pope said, “We wish to seek together, in the spirit of the Second Vatican Council, how best to proclaim the Gospel to the men of this time and of this continent. We are seeking to make an eternal and universal message an answer to the questions asked by the man of today. The Gospel is, for all men, the message of salvation.” The President and the First Lady arrived at the Manila International Airport at 8:40 a.m., or 10 minutes ahead of schedule. Upon arrival at the MIA, the Chief Executive was given military honors, including a 21-gun salute and review by a composite battalion of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. After the airport ceremonies, the First Couple spearheaded a motorcade which proceeded to the Nayong Pilipino where the Pontiff made a whirlwind tour of the miniature replica of the   Philippines. From the   Nayong Pilipino, the President and the First Lady took a helicopter to the Manila Cathedral in Intramuros where Liturgical Procession was held, and a Holy Mass celebrated by His Holiness. After the Mass, the President and Mrs. Marcos returned to Malacañang while the Pope and his entourage proceeded to the Luneta , then to the Apostolic Nunciature . Among those present at the welcome ceremonies were Vice President Fernando Lopez and Mrs. Lopez, former Presidents Carlos P. Garcia and Diosdado Macapagal and their ladies, former First Ladies Esperanza L. vda . de Osmeña , Trinidad Roxas and Luz B. Magsaysay, Senate President and Mrs. Gil J. Puyat, Speaker and Mrs. Jose B. Laurel, Jr., Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and Mrs. Roberto Concepcion, Acting Secretary of Foreign Affairs Manuel Collantes , Rufino J. Cardinal Santos and Julio Cardinal Rosales; Msgr. Carmine Rocco, Apostolic Nuncio to the Philippines; and the presidents of the Asian Episcopal Conferences. In his remarks at the Malacañang reception for His Holiness Pope Paul VI, who came to call on him, the Chief Executive said the Philippines has embarked on. a peaceful but revolutionary reformation in its social and economic programs, but added such a reformation can only lead to lasting results if it is based on moral responsibility. “I believe I can assure Your Holiness,” he said, “that the public authorities of this Republic are conscious of that responsibility.”   (F ull test of the President’s remark in OG .) President Marcos pointed out that national leaders are and will continue to be actively engaged inseeking an equitable and humane solution to the urgent problem of inequality between those who have too much and those who have too little.“The Pope’s timely visit,” he emphasized, “reminds Filipinos that in their solemn act of national re-examination the great encyclicals on social justice which have come from Rome since Leo XIII’s Rerum Novarum   down to the more recent pronouncements of   Mater et Magistra   and Pope Paul’s own   Popularum Progressio   are foundry relevant. In his response, the Pontiff expressed his appreciation for the “remarkable welcome which we received on arriving on your soil,” and the hospitality that had been extended to them in Malacañang. The Pope also informed the President that he was aware “of the lofty intentions which had inspired, and still inspire the policies of your government.” “We are certain,” the Pope said, “that the cordial meeting between the Successor of Peter and the highest official among the clear Filipino people, the only people in the Far East that is Christian, in this greater part of the world, will likewise be an. effective endeavor for new and vig orous efforts in favor of man.”

[8] Official Gazette for November 28, 1970: P resident Marcos spent most of the day in his office at Malacañang working on state papers, with occasional consultations with his staff and ranking officials. He did not receive any private visitors. In one of the orders that issued from his desk, the President ordered all agencies and instrumentalities of the national government to submit an annual program for the procurement of supplies, materials and equipment. In his order, the President pointed out lie huge annual cost of purchasing supplies, materials and equipment, and that emergency procurements and piecemeal requisitions are wasteful and extravagant, and therefore must be avoided. To achieve an economical, efficient, and effective procurement system, the President said, government agencies and the Bureau of Supply Coordination must project and plan ahead, so that a basis for a workable procurement program may be devised. I t is in this consideration that the President directed all heads of departments, bureaus, offices and agencies of the national government to submit an annual procurement program projecting the needs of their offices during the year. In the afternoon, he a n d the First Lady, Mrs. Imelda R. Marcos, left Malacañang to attend the Mass at the Rizal Park, officiated by Pope Paul VI. They both received Holy Communion. Later, on his return to Malacañang, the President resumed his desk work. He lifted the ban on public school athletic meets below the regional level ,   which was instituted early this year. Lifting of the ban was recommended by Director Liceria K. Soriano of Public Schools. Secretary of Education Onofre D. Corpuz and Executive Secretary Alejandro Melchor, J r. concurred with the decision.

[9] Official Gazette for November 29, 1970: P resident Marcos expressed the hope that the journey of Pope Paul VI will help achieve the universal dream of a lasting peace. The President, accompanied by the First Lady, Mrs. Imelda R .   Marcos and their children Imee and Irene, led a big crowd of well-wishers to bid good-bye to the Pontiff who left in the evening bound for Pago-Pago Islands in the Pacific, the nest itinerary in his Asian tour. In brief remarks prior to the Pope’s departure, President Marcos quoted from the Pope’s appeal to the United Nations which he said men must realize the truth. His Holiness said then: “Peace is the fruit of a moral transformation of mankind, there is no improvising a true peace: one cannot maintain a peace that is imposed by oppression or by fear or by juridical orders that are unjust and no longer admissible. Peace must be human, and therefore free, just, happy.” In parting, the President asked the Holy Father “to pray for God’s peace, a free, just and happy peace, for our people, and God’s blessings on our Republic and its government, on the deliberations of those who chart bur course to economic well-being and social justice and progress, and above all on the dispossessed and heartbroken among us, who are so close to your own heart, and to whom you have given fresh hopes which we shall all endeavor to fulfill.”   (F ull text of the President’s speech in OG .) In the morning, the President issued a proclamation declaring the period from February 15 to 21, 19T1 as real estate industry week. He also signed an administrative order, amending Administrative Order No. 240 of September 18, 1970, which created a committee to study the financing scheme for nationwide river control and reforestation projects. The amending order includes the Commissioner of Forest Products Research and Industries Development Commission as a member of the Payer Control and Reforestation Committee.In proclaiming a real estate industry week, the President took note of the coming meeting in Manila, starting February 15 next year, of the Sixth. Pan Pacific Congress of Real Estate Appraisers, Counselors and Valuer s.

[10] Official Gazette for November 30, 1970: P resident Marcos spent a quiet day working on government papers. In his message on the 107th birth anniversary of Andres Bonifacio, the president, said: On the occasion of Bonifacio day this year, we pay tribute to a man who inscribed his name in history by committing commonest of his fellowmen to the highest principles of individual honor, freedom and national dignity. To that extraordinary common man, more than to many others perhaps in the pantheon of our remembered heroes, the nation owes much of the dynamic spirit that moves it to this day. Especially at a time when the nation is about to embark in the historic act of rewriting its Constitution, we are called upon to reaffirm the fact that it was perhaps in Bonifacio’s, more than in any other’s time, that we first sought to lay the foundation of a just equitable and progressive Filipino society. The strong nationalist spirit, which animates a growing number of our countrymen today, makes it doubly incumbent upon us to come up with a new Constitution that will ensure the growth of that society. Among other business, he granted executive clemency to 68 convicts, and smarted the sweeping reform of the country’s penal system with proposals to decongest Muntinlupa prison. The President granted the pardons and commutations of sentence as a gesture marking the Holy Father’s visit here. The penal reforms have been part of the program of change the President had long envisioned, which he means to implement at this time with vigor. Through the day, the President worked at his desk, except for brief b reaks. He received no visitors.